SNSD Profile

Girls’ Generation (Hangul: 소녀시대; Hanja: 少女時代) is a South Korean nine-member girl group formed by SM Entertainment in 2007. The members include (in order of official announcement) Yoona, Tiffany, Yuri, Hyoyeon, Sooyoung, Seohyun, Taeyeon (the leader), Jessica, and Sunny. International Girls’ Generation fans usually refer to the group as SNSD, the acronym of the group’s Korean name So Nyeo Shi Dae. Many of the members had already pursued an entertainment career before Girls’ Generation’s debut through acting, DJ-ing, and modeling. Their official fanclub is known as S♡NE (소원) also one of the titles of a song from their first album.

Taeyeon

• Stage Name: Taeyeon (태연)
• Birth Name: Kim Taeyeon (김태연)
• Group Position : Leader & Main Vocalist
• Motto : Don’t do something that you’ll regret later.
• Nicknames : Umma, Ajumma, Kid Leader, Tete, MungTaeng (Dumb Taeyeon), Taeng, Byeon Taeng
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English, Chinese (Basic) , Japanese (Basic)
• DOB: March 9, 1989
• Homeplace : Jeonrado Jeonju
• Height: 160cm
• Weight: 44kg
• Blood Type: O
• School: Jeonju Art High School
• Hobbies : Swimming
• Interests: Makeup, Perfume, Music
• Casted: 2004 8th Annual Best Contest (Best Singer 1st Place & Grand Award),Attended SM Academy
• Religion : Christian [Catholic (?)]
• Experience:

- 2004 Featured in The One’s song “You Bring Me Joy”
- 2008 DJ for MBC’s Chinhan Chingu or known as Chin Chin (until now)
- 2009 MBC Sunday Night Night Show – We Got Married (Jan-May)
- 2010 KBS Win Win MC (along with Kim Seung Woo, 2PM Wooyoung, Kim Shin Young & Choi Hwa Jung)

• Duration of Training: 4 years and 3 months

Taeyeon is the leader of Girls’ Generation. She is currently a DJ of Good Friend Radio with Super Junior member Kang-in. She recently became part of the reality show We Got Married, being paired up with comedian Jung Hyung-don. She received the YEPP Popularity Award for her solo track “들리나요?” (“Can You Hear Me?“) on the Beethoven Virus soundtrack. She sang “만약에 (Manyage / If)” for “Hong Gil Dong” and “들리나요?” (“Can You Hear Me?“) on “Beethoven Virus”

Jessica

• Stage Name: Jessica (제시카)
• Birth Name: Jessica Jung Sooyeon (제시카 정)
• Korean Name: Jung Sooyeon (정수연)
• Group Position : Main Vocalist
• Nicknames : Ice Princess, Sica, Sicachu, Ajumma
• Motto: Follow my heart ..
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English (Fluent) , Chinese (Basic) , Japanese (Basic)
• DOB: April 18, 1989
• Height: 163cm
• Weight: 45kg
• Blood Type: B
• Sibling : Younger Sister (Krystal)
• School: Korea Kent Foreign School, Graduated
• Religion : Christian
• Casted: 2000 SM Casting System
• Experience : 2009 Legally Blonde Musical (character as Elle Woods)
• Duration of Training: 7 years and 6 months

Jessica was born and raised in San Francisco, California and can speak English. She moved to Korea when she was 11 for training. She released 2 singles alongside with SeoHyun and Tiffany: “오빠 나빠” (“Bad Oppa“) and “Mabinogi (It’s Fantastic!)”. Jessica also stars in Kim Jo-han‘s music video “Love is Late, I’m Sorry” and is featured in 8Eight’s song, “I Love You”.

Sunny

• Stage Name: Sunny (써니)
• Birth Name: Lee Sunkyu (이순규)
• Group Position : Supporting Vocalist
• Nickname : DJ Soon, Sunny Bunny
• Motto : Everyday Sunny Day
• Blood Type : B
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English , Chinese (Basic) , Japanese (Basic)
• DOB: May 15, 1989
• Religion : Christian
• Height: 158cm
• Weight: 43kg
• Hobbies : Swimming, Video Games, Sports
• Interests : Music, Fashion, reading magazines, dancing, singing & shopping.
• School: Baehwa All-Girls High School
• Casted: 2007 SM Casting System
• Experience:

- 2008 DJ for Melon’s Chunji
- 2009 MC For MTV The M (until now)
- 2009 KBS2 Invicible Youth (until now)

• Duration of Training : around 1/2 year. (training around 4 years on different company)

Sunny was a trainee under a different entertainment company before she transferred into SM Entertainment. After several months of training under SM Entertainment in 2007, Sunny debuted as a member of Girls’ Generation that same year. She is the niece of SM Entertainment’s CEO, Lee Soo Man, and her father was once the manager of the disbanded K-pop girl group Sugar. She was a co-DJ of Reckless Radio along with Sungmin of Super Junior until the broadcast ended on the July 30, 2008. Sunny appeared in Super Junior-H‘s music video for “Cooking? Cooking!”. Sunny also sang the song “Finally Now” on the soundtrack for the movie Story of Wine. She will be hosting a Music Show called “The M” with member of SS501 Hyung Joon.

Tiffany

• Stage Name: Tiffany (티파니)
• Birth Name: Stephanie Hwang (스테파니 황)
• Korean Name: Hwang Mi Young (황미영)
• Group Position : Supporting Vocalist
• Nicknames : Spongebob Hwang, Fany Fany Tiffany, Human Jukebox, Mushroom, Tiffiana, JumFany, AjumNy, Ddilfany, Bam Fany
• Motto : Just work hard (Practice makes Perfect)
• Languages : Korean , English (Fluent) , Chinese (Basic) , Japanese (Basic), Spanish (Basic)
• DOB: August 1, 1989
• Height: 163cm
• Weight: 50kg
• Religion : Christian
• Languages : English
• Hobbies : Flute
• School: Korea Kent Foreign School, Graduated, Middle School – South Pointe (US), High School – Diamond Bar (US)
• Casted: 2004 SM Casting System; 2004 CJ/KMTV (USA-LA) Contest 1st Place
• Experience:

- 2008 MC for MNet’s Sonyeon Sonyeo Gayo Baekso (Boys & Girls Music Countdown)
- 2009 MBC Music Core MC (along with teammates, Yuri) (until now)

• Siblings : Older Brother (Leo) & Older Sister (Michelle)
• Duration of Training: 3 years and 7 months

Tiffany was raised in Diamond Bar, California and can speak English. She was discovered in the SM Starlight Casting System 2004 in Los Angeles and began her training under the label until the debut of Girls’ Generation. Along with SeoHyun and Jessica, she released a single, “Bad Boyfriend” (오빠 나빠) and “Mabinogi [It's Fantastic!]“. She was the co-host of Sonyeo Sonyeon Gayo Baekso (SSGB) along with Kim Hyesung from November 5, 2007 to June 13, 2008. She has also participated in live performances of rapper Nassun’s single “Come to Play”. She also sang the OST from “Ja Myung Go” “By Myself” and a duet with K.Will called “A Girl, Meets Love”. Tiffany along with Yuri is MCing on Music Core.

Hyoyeon

• Stage Name: HyoYeon (효연)
• Birth Name: Kim Hyo Yeon (김효연)
• Family : Father, Mother, Younger Brother
• Group Position : Supporting Vocalist & Main Dancer
• Nicknames : Princess Fiona, Dancing Queen, Hyorengi (Tiger)
• Motto : Everyone that works hard will succeed.
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English , Chinese (Fluent) , Japanese (Basic)
• DOB: September 22, 1989
• Height: 158cm
• Weight: 48kg
• Blood Type: AB
• Hometown : Incheon
• School: 2004.3~8 Studied Mandarin Chinese in Beijing, China
• Casted: 2000 SM Casting System
• Experience: – 2005 M.Net/KM Music Festival – BoA’s ‘Over the Top’ silhouette dancer
• Religion : Christian
• Duration of Training: 6 years and 1 month

Hyoyeon once attended a hip hop dance school that specializes in waving, popping, locking, and animation. Prior to her debut, Hyoyeon traveled to Beijing, China in 2004 with Super Junior’s Siwon to learn Mandarin and more about Chinese culture.

Yuri

• Stage Name: YuRi (권유리)
• Birth Name: Kwon Yu Ri (권유리)
• Group Position : Supporting Vocalist & Lead Dancer
• Nicknames : Black Pearl & Kkamyool & Kkamchi & Ggab-Yul
• Languages : Korean (Fluent), English, Chinese (Fluent), Japanese
• DOB: December 5, 1989
• Height: 167cm
• Weight: 45kg
• Blood Type: AB
• School: NeungGok High School, Graduated (2008), Chung Ang University Seoul Campus
• Casted: 2001 SM 1st Annual Youth Best Contest <Best Dancer, 2nd Place>
• Religion : Christian
• Experience:

- 2005 KM Super Junior Show ‘The King’s Boyfriend’
- 2006 DBSK’s Beautiful Life MV
- 2006 Orion Chocopie Chinese CF w/ Jang Donggun
- 2006 Dongil Highvill CF
- 2007 DBSK’s Second Concert guest appearance
- Hot Choco Mite CF
- 2007 Attack on the Flower Boys Movie
- 2007/2008 MBC Sitcom : Unstoppable Marriage
- 2009 MBC Music Core MC (along with teammates, Tiffany) (until now)
- 2009 KBS2 Invicible Youth (until now)

• Duration of Training: 5 years and 11 months

Yuri joined the label when she took 1st place in the 2001 1st SM Youth Best Dancer Contest. She appeared in TVXQ’s “Beautiful Life” music video and had a small role as a ballerina in Super Junior’s first movie, Attack on the Pin-Up Boys. She also had a small role in a television segment, “The King’s Boyfriend,” which was part of the 2005–2006 KMTV Super Junior documentary, Super Junior Show. Yuri also played a part in the sitcom Unstoppable Marriage alongside Sooyoung. Yuri is also in K Will’s MV “Tears Are Falling”. Yuri along side with Tiffany is MCing on Music Core.

Sooyoung

• Stage Name: SooYoung (수영)
• Birth Name: Choi Soo Young (최수영)
• English Name: 썸머 Summer
• Group Position : Supporting Vocalist
• Nickname : ShikShin (Food God), NaSoo (Interrupter)
• Motto : Let’s not procrastinate
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English, Chinese (Basic) , Japanese (Fluent)
• DOB: February 10, 1990
• Height: 170cm
• Weight: 48kg
• Religion : Christian
• Blood Type: O
• School: Jungshin All-Girls High School, Chung Ang University Seoul Campus
• Casted: 2000 SM Open Audition, 2002 Korea-Japan Ultra Idol Duo Audition
• Experience:

- 2002 Debuted in Japan in the duo Route 0
- 2003 Samsung AnyCall CF w/ Park Jungah
- 2003 Japan Chubbygang Clothing Model
- 2004 Skoolooks Uniform Model
- 2005 M.Net Hello Chat VJ
- 2007 DMB ChunBangJiChuk Radio DJ (with Super Junior’s Sungmin)
- 2007/2008 MBC Sitcom : Unstoppable Marriage
- 2009 Former MC on MBC Fantastic Duo along with Kim Jae Dong

• Siblings : Older Sister (Soojin)
• Duration of Training: 6 years and 3 months

Before Sooyoung’s audition to Girls’ Generation, she made a brief debut in Japan as a singer in the group called Route φ. She first debuted with Marina Takahashi with the song “Start”. While in Japan, she became close friends with BoA and Sunday from The Grace as they too were working in Japan as singers at the time. She was previously a DJ of ChunJi along with Sungmin of Super Junior. She was soon replaced by Sunny due to schedule conflicts. Sooyoung also played a part in the sitcom Unstoppable Marriage alongside Yuri. She graduated from high school in 2009.

Yoona

• Stage Name: YoonA (윤아)
• Birth Name: Im Yoon Ah (임윤아)
• Nick names : Deer Yoona, Him Yoona (Strength Yoona), Goddess Yoong, Yoong
• Motto : Be confident in everything
• Group Position : Supporting Vocalist
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English, Chinese (Basic) , Japanese (Basic)
• DOB: May 30, 1990
• Height: 166cm (168cm or so she states herself)
• Weight: 47kg
• Blood Type: B
• School: Daeyoung High School, Dongguk University
• Casted: 2002 SM Saturday Open Casting Audition
• Religion : Christian
• Experience:

- 2004 TVXQ’s Magic Castle MV
- 2006 Sanyo Eneloop CF
- 2006 Teun Teun English ‘Follow Me’ CF
- 2006 TVXQ First Concert guest appearance
- 2006 Super Junior’s U MV
- 2006 TZSX’s ¾óÁ¤ (My Everything) MV
- 2007 Elite CF with SS501
- 2007 Sunkist Lemonade CF w/ Super Junior’s Kangin, Heechul | Version 2
- 2007 Clean and Clear CF
- 2007 MBC drama – 9 Hits, 2 Outs
- 2007 Super Junior’s Marry U mv
- 2008 Lee Seung Chul’s ‘Propose’ MV
- 2008 Sola VitaminC CF
- 2008 YeJiMiIn wise beauty CF
- 2008 Clean and Clear CF
- 2008 KBS daily sitcom – Unstoppable Marriage (cameo)
- 2008 MBC drama – Park Jung Geum (cameo)
- 2008 KBS daily drama – You Are My Destiny
- 2008 Korea Drama Festival – Netizens popularity award
- 2009 MBC Drama – Cinderella Man (main role)
- 2010 SBS Family Outing Season 2 (regular member)
- Model For Cindy the Perky, eCole, Dasoo magazines (pre-debut)

• Duration of Training: 7 years and 2 months

Yoona has appeared in several music videos and commercials. She gained a minor role in the Korean drama, 9 Ends 2 Outs (9회말 2아웃) and won a major role in a new drama, You Are My Destiny. In this drama, Yoona portrays a girl who was once blind. You Are My Destiny has the highest rating and number of viewers for daily dramas in its time slot, beating other per popular dramas from major Korean networks, MBC and SBS.^{[17][not in citation given]} Yoona graduated high school in 2009 and has been accepted by Dongguk University. In her new drama “Cinderella Man”, YoonA cuts 30 cm of her hair to fit her role as a fashion designer.

Seohyun

• Stage Name: Seo Hyun (서현)
• Birth Name: Seo Joo Hyun (서주현)
• Nickname : Maknae, Seororo
• Motto : If your dream is alive, then one day it will come true.
• Group Position : Lead Vocalist
• Languages : Korean (Fluent) , English, Chinese (Fluent) , Japanese (Basic)
• DOB: June 28, 1991
• Height: 168cm
• Weight: 48kg
• Blood Type: A
• School: Daeyoung High School, Dongguk University
• Casted: 2003 SM Casting System
• Religion: Christian [Agnostic (?)]
• Experience:

- 2004 SMART Uniform Model
- 2010 Clean & Clear Model
- 2010 MBC Sunday Night Night – We Got Married (filming starts from Feb)

• Duration of Training: 6 years and 6 months

Seohyun is the youngest member of the Girls’ Generation. She is also a pianist. Along with Tiffany and Jessica, they released a single “오빠 나빠” (“Bad Oppa“), And “Mabinogi (It’s Fantastic!)”. On February 17, 2009, her duet with trot singer Joo Hyun-mi was digitally released, called “짜라자짜” (“Jjarajajja“).

==============================

TRIVIA

Taeyeon

Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Merry-Go-Round
Favorite Pajamas type : Long Sleeved
Hairstyle for Future Partner : Clean-Cut
Qualities for Future Partner : Positive & Humorous Guy
Special Habits : Needs to take down what to do, loves to talk incessantly, sleeps with eyes open & in a yoga position
Favorite Fruits : Orange, Apple, Strawberry, Tomato
Favorite Male Artists : Kim Dongwan , Kang Dongwon, Yoon Kyesang
Favorite Female Artists : Han Gain , Kim Taehee
Future Hopes : To be a very good live performer
Favorite Numbers : 22 (on the GG Jumper), 3, 6, 9
Favorite Drink: Black Soya
Best Dish (that she can make) : Omelet Rice
Favorite Snack: Kancho Black Sesame Flavor & Yanggeng
Favorite Animal: Puppies, Cat, Tiger
Favorite Plant: Cactus
Favorite Season: Winter
Favorite Subjects : Science, English, Hangul, Sports
Countries She wants to most visit : Japan, England, and America
Favorite Flower: Any flower that is purple
Happiest Time of the Day: At night sleeping
Weak Point : Can’t remember very well, poor memory
Motto : Never Do Things You Will Regret
Favorite Color: Light Blue, Purple-Blue
Most Interesting Movie : National Treasure
Most Interesting Drama : Japanese Dramas
Favorite Manga : Dragon Ball Z (Favorite Character is Vegeta)
Roommate/s : Sunny
Trainee Day Roommate/s : Tiffany & Jang Ri In

Jessica

Favorite Number : 52
Ideal Man : Lee Sunho
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Complete
Hobbies : Boxing & Soccer
Interests: Reading books & magazines, watching movies, listening to music, sleeping & singing
Roommate/s : Sooyoung

Sunny

Favorite Number : 26
Ideal Man : Jo Insung
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Ooh! La-La.
Roommate/s : Taeyeon

Tiffany

Favorite Number : 07
Ideal Man : Dennis Oh
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Baby Baby
Hobbies : Flute
Favorite Color : Pink
Favorite Jewelry Brand : Tiffany & Co.
Blood Type : O
Favorite Smiling Eyes : Lee Hyori, Kim Tae Hee
Song Repitoire : Over 50 songs
Special Habits : Cutting her food before eating
Her Charm : Liveliness, but also this is her weakness
Closest to : Taeyeon
Roommate/s : Apparently she have her whole room alone.
Trainee Day Roommate/s : Taeyeon & Jang Ri In

Hyoyeon

Favorite Number : 85
Ideal Man : Brian Joo
Hobbies : Dancing
Roommate/s : Seohyun
Has been trained with Poppin HyunJoon, BlackBeat’s Shim Jae Won, CSJH Stephanie, Lee Min Woo.
Enrolled at Winners Dance School.

Yuri

Favorite Number : 19
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Baby, Baby
Hobbies : Dancing, Ballet, Piano, Swimming, Violin
Morning Delight : Likes to grind “Ma” [Korean Yam] and “Arrowfoot” for healthy drinks in the morning
Roommate/s : Yoona
She’s fond of Fridays

Sooyoung

Favorite Number : 08
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Complete
Roommate/s : Jessica
Trainee Day Roommate/s (In Japan) : Boa & Sunday (CSJH)

Yoona

Favorite Number : 93
Ideal Man : Yoon Jung Hoon & Takuya Kimura
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Complete
Roommate/s : Yuri

Seohyun

Favorite Number : 64
Ideal Man : Johnny Depp
Favorite Song from Girls’ Generation : Kissing You
Hobbies : Piano
Favorite Anime : Keroro
Favorite Fruit : Watermelon
Favorite Drama : Nodame Cantabile
Favorite Movie : Pirates of the Caribbean
Roommate/s : Hyoyeon

Graves disease

Penyakit grave

Definisi

Penyakit Graves adalah kondisi medis yang ditandai dengan kadar hormon tiroid yang berlebihan akibat produksi berlebihan oleh kelenjar tiroid. Kelenjar tiroid adalah bagian dari sistem endokrin yang terletak di bawah pita suara yang berperan dalam menghasilkan hormon, seperti tiroid. Hormon tiroid membantu mengatur metabolisme tubuh, yang oleh karenanya membantu mengatur suasana hati, berat badan dan kadar energi. Normalnya, kelenjar hipofise menghasilkan suatu stimulating hormone, yang merangsang kelenjar tiroid untuk mensekresikan hormon tiroid. Pada penyakit Graves, tubuh menghasilkan antibodi yang menyerang sel-sel yang sehat dari kelenjar tiroid. Antibodi-antibodi ini juga meniru kerja dari stimulating hormone yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar hipofise, menyebabkan sekresi berlebihan dari hormon tiroid oleh kelenjar tiroid. Penderita penyakit Graves dapat menunjukkan gejala, seperti rasa cemas, lekas marah, rasa lelah, kehilangan berat badan yang tidak diharapkan dan bahkan penonjolan bola mata. Kondisi ini sering pada wanita, terutama yang berusia antara 20 dan 40 tahun. Perokok juga memiliki risiko tinggi dari penyakit Graves. Meskipun kondisi ini secara umum tidak mengancam jiwa, penanganan diperlukan untuk mempertahankan kualitas hidup karena jumlah berlebihan dari hormon tiroid di dalam tubuh dapat mempengarhui suasana hati dan bahkan dapat menyebabkan depreso pada kasus berat.

Penyakit Graves adalah nama dari Robert J. Graves untuk dokter yang pertama kali menggambarkannya di Irlandia. Dia yang pertama mengidentifikasi gejala-gejala goiter, palpitasi dan exopthalmus pada tahun 1835. Penyakit ini juga disebut sebagai penyakit Basedow yang dinamai oleh Adolph Jerman Karl van Basedow, pada tahun 1840. Dia tidak tahu bahwa Graves telah menggambarkan penyakit yang sama beberapa tahun sebelumnya. Istilah penyakit Basedow ini lebih sering digunakan di benua Eropa, jika di Amerika, ini disebut penyakit Graves.^1,2,4

Saat ini diidentifikasi adanya antibodi IgG sebagai thryoid stimulating antibodies pada penderita Graves’ hipertiroidisme yang berikatan dan mengaktifkan reseptor tirotropin pada sel tiroid yang menginduksi sintesa dan pelepasan hormon tiroid. Beberapa penulis mengatakan bahwa penyakit ini disebabkan  oleh multifaktor antara genetik, endogen dan faktor lingkungan.

Gejala klinik

Penyakit Graves umumnya ditandai dengan pembesaran kelenjar tiroid/ struma difus, disertai tanda dan gejala tirotoksikosis dan seringkali juga disertai oftalmopati (terutama eksoftalmus) dan kadang-kadang dengan dermopati. Manifestasi kardiovaskular pada tirotoksikosis merupakan gejala paling menonjol dan merupakan karakteristik gejala dan tanda tirotoksikosis. (1,2,3)

Gejala tirotoksikosis yang sering ditemukan:

·         Hiperaktivitas, iritabilitas

·         Palpitasi

·         Tidak tahan panas dan keringat berlebih

·         Mudah lelah

·         Berat badan turun meskipun makan banyak

·         Buang air besar lebih sering

·         Oligomenore atau amenore dengan libido berkurang

Tanda tirotoksikosis yang sering ditemukan:

·  Takikardi, fibrilasi atrial

·  Tremor halus, refleks meningkat

·  Kulit hangat dan basah

·  Rambut rontok

Pada pasien dengan usia yang lebih tua, sering tanda dan gejala khas tersebut tidak muncul akibat respons tubuh terhadap peningkatan hormon tiroid menurun. Gejala yang dominan pada usia tua adalah penurunan berat badan, fibrilasi atrial, dan gagal jantung kongestif.(4)

Oftalmopati pada penyakit Graves ditandai dengan adanya edema dan inflamasi otot-otot ekstraokular dan meningkatnya jaringan ikat dan lemak orbita. Peningkatan volume jaringan retrobulber memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap manifestasi klinis oftalmopati Graves.(2)

Mekanisme kelainan mata pada penyakit Graves sampai saat ini belum diketahui secara pasti. Tetapi mengingat hubungan yang erat antara penyakit Graves dengan oftalmopati, diduga keduanya berasal dari respons autoimun terhadap satu atau lebih antigen di kelenjar tiroid atau orbita. Sebagian peneliti melaporkan bahwa reseptor TSH-lah yang menjadi antigen dari respons autoimun keduanya. Tetapi sebagian yang lain melaporkan adanya antigen lain di orbita yang berperan dalam mekanisme terjadinya oftalmopati, sehingga dikatakan bahwa penyakit Graves dan oftalmopati Graves merupakan penyakit autoimun yang masing-masing berdiri sendiri. Oleh karena itu kelainan mata pada penyakit Graves dapat timbul mendahului, atau bersamaan, atau bahkan kemudian setelah penyakit Graves-nya membaik.

Diagnosa

Dokter kadang-kadang dapat mendiagnosa penyakit Graves hanya berdasarkan pemeriksaan fisik dan riwayat medis.⁸ Hipertiroidisme penyakit Graves menyebabkan berbagai gejala. Diagnosis Graves’ dapat ditegakkan apabila didapatkan hipertiroid yang disertai exopthalmus. ³  Tanda lainnya yang merupakan diagnosis penyakit Graves’ adalah pretibial myxedema, gangguan kulit yang langka dengan tingkat terjadinya 1-4% , yang menyebabkan kental, kulit kemerahan pada kaki bagian bawah. Jenis gondok (pembesaran kelenjar tiroid) yaitu dari jenis difus (yaitu, menyebar ke seluruh kelenjar). Fenomena ini juga terjadi dengan penyebab lain dari hipertiroidisme, meskipun penyakit Graves adalah penyebab paling umum dari gondok menyebar. Sebuah gondok besar akan terlihat oleh mata telanjang, tapi gondok yang lebih kecil mungkin hanya diketahui dengan pemeriksaan fisik. Pada kesempatan itu, gondok tidak terdeteksi secara klinis tetapi dapat dilihat hanya dengan CT atau pemeriksaan USG tiroid.¹

Pemeriksaan laboratoruim

Untuk dapat memahami hasil-hasil laboratorium pada penyakit Graves dan hipertiroidisme umumnya, perlu mengetahui mekanisme umpan balik pada hubungan (axis) antara kelenjar hipofisis dan kelenjar tiroid. Dalam keadaan normal, kadar hormon tiroid perifer, seperti L-tiroksin (T-4) dan tri-iodo-tironin (T-3) berada dalam keseimbangan dengan thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH). Artinya, bila T-3 dan T-4 rendah, maka produksi TSH akan meningkat dan sebaliknya ketika kadar hormon tiroid tinggi, maka produksi TSH akan menurun.

Pada penyakit Graves, adanya antibodi terhadap reseptor TSH di membran sel folikel tiroid, menyebabkan perangsangan produksi hormon tiroid secara terus menerus, sehingga kadar hormon tiroid menjadi tinggi. Kadar hormon tiroid yang tinggi ini menekan produksi TSH di kelenjar hipofisis, sehingga kadar TSH menjadi rendah dan bahkan kadang-kadang tidak terdeteksi. Pemeriksaan TSH generasi kedua merupakan pemeriksaan penyaring paling sensitif terhadap hipertiroidisme, oleh karena itu disebut TSH sensitive (TSHs), karena dapat mendeteksi kadar TSH sampai angka mendekati 0,05mIU/L. Untuk konfirmasi diagnostik, dapat diperiksa kadar T-4 bebas (free T-4/FT-4).(1,2,3)

Pemeriksaan Penunjang Lain

Pemeriksaan penunjang lain seperti pencitraan (scan dan USG tiroid) untuk menegakkan diagnosis penyakit Graves jarang diperlukan, kecuali scan tiroid pada tes supresi tiroksin